Add OneFormer Model (#20577)

* Add Oneformer Model * Add OneFormer Tests * Add UNIVERSAL_SEGMENTATION_MAPPING * Fix config * 🐛 Fix error encountered while writing tests * 🔨 Fix instance segmentation post processing * Format Files and Add Documentation * Add Documentation mdx file * Run make fixup * Run make fix-copies * Remove unnecessary code * Format modeling_oneformer.py * Add OneFormer to ImageSegmentationPipeline * Format files * Add Demo link to Readme * Fix fomatting errors * Fix test failures * Update Table in index.mdx * Fix version * Fix style * Remove OneFormer from TF * Fix Imports * Fix dummy objects * Fix tests * Add newline * Remove OneFormerFeatureExtractor * Remove CUDA Kernels * Use AutoBackbone for Swin * Fix description * Use Image Processor * Fix copies * Fix formatting * Fix import order * Fix flake8 errors * Fix doc errors * Add Hindi Readme entry * Update supported backbones * Update supported backbones * Undo Changes * Fix type of config * Fix isort * Fix auto.mdx * Fix swin config * Replace DinatBackbone with AutoBackbone * Use SwinBackbone * Use SwinBackbone * Fix conversion script * Fix arguments * Add argument description * Fix style * Add OneFormerProcessor * Fix OneFormerProcessor Tests * Fix mapping * Fix imports * Fix inits * Fix style * Fix comment * Fix docstring * Move OneFormer to MultiModal * Fix Copies * Remove size divisor * Fix check_repo.py * Fix copies * Add Processor for Testing Pipeline * Fix padding for tokens * Fix variables * Fix formatting with correct black version * Add Image Processor Test * Apply suggestions * Revert common modeling * Add check for task * Fix conversion script * Fix initialization order * Fix tests * Undo Pipeline Changes * Fix layers in MLP * Fix copies * Update image paths * Fix copies * Apply suggestions
2023-01-19 14:01:07 +05:30
parent 6d67664380
commit 5b949623c7
35 changed files with 8161 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/docs/source/de/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/de/index.mdx
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ Die Bibliothek enthält derzeit JAX-, PyTorch- und TensorFlow-Implementierungen,
 1. **[Nezha](model_doc/nezha)** (from Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab) released with the paper [NEZHA: Neural Contextualized Representation for Chinese Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00204) by Junqiu Wei, Xiaozhe Ren, Xiaoguang Li, Wenyong Huang, Yi Liao, Yasheng Wang, Jiashu Lin, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen and Qun Liu.
 1. **[NLLB](model_doc/nllb)** (from Meta) released with the paper [No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04672) by the NLLB team.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (from the University of Wisconsin - Madison) released with the paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) by Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (from SHI Labs) released with the paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) by Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[OPT](master/model_doc/opt)** (from Meta AI) released with the paper [OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01068) by Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen et al.
 1. **[OWL-ViT](model_doc/owlvit)** (from Google AI) released with the paper [Simple Open-Vocabulary Object Detection with Vision Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.06230) by Matthias Minderer, Alexey Gritsenko, Austin Stone, Maxim Neumann, Dirk Weissenborn, Alexey Dosovitskiy, Aravindh Mahendran, Anurag Arnab, Mostafa Dehghani, Zhuoran Shen, Xiao Wang, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Kipf, and Neil Houlsby.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (from Google) released with the paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu.
--- a/docs/source/en/_toctree.yml
+++ b/docs/source/en/_toctree.yml
@@ -538,6 +538,8 @@
        title: LayoutXLM
      - local: model_doc/lxmert
        title: LXMERT
+      - local: model_doc/oneformer
+        title: OneFormer
      - local: model_doc/owlvit
        title: OWL-ViT
      - local: model_doc/perceiver
--- a/docs/source/en/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/en/index.mdx
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ The documentation is organized into five sections:
 1. **[Nezha](model_doc/nezha)** (from Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab) released with the paper [NEZHA: Neural Contextualized Representation for Chinese Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00204) by Junqiu Wei, Xiaozhe Ren, Xiaoguang Li, Wenyong Huang, Yi Liao, Yasheng Wang, Jiashu Lin, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen and Qun Liu.
 1. **[NLLB](model_doc/nllb)** (from Meta) released with the paper [No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04672) by the NLLB team.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (from the University of Wisconsin - Madison) released with the paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) by Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (from SHI Labs) released with the paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) by Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[OPT](master/model_doc/opt)** (from Meta AI) released with the paper [OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01068) by Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen et al.
 1. **[OWL-ViT](model_doc/owlvit)** (from Google AI) released with the paper [Simple Open-Vocabulary Object Detection with Vision Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.06230) by Matthias Minderer, Alexey Gritsenko, Austin Stone, Maxim Neumann, Dirk Weissenborn, Alexey Dosovitskiy, Aravindh Mahendran, Anurag Arnab, Mostafa Dehghani, Zhuoran Shen, Xiao Wang, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Kipf, and Neil Houlsby.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (from Google) released with the paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu.
@@ -322,6 +323,7 @@ Flax), PyTorch, and/or TensorFlow.
 |              NAT              |       ❌       |       ❌       |       ✅        |         ❌         |      ❌      |
 |             Nezha             |       ❌       |       ❌       |       ✅        |         ❌         |      ❌      |
 |         Nyströmformer         |       ❌       |       ❌       |       ✅        |         ❌         |      ❌      |
+|           OneFormer           |       ❌       |       ❌       |       ✅        |         ❌         |      ❌      |
 |          OpenAI GPT           |       ✅       |       ✅       |       ✅        |         ✅         |      ❌      |
 |         OpenAI GPT-2          |       ✅       |       ✅       |       ✅        |         ✅         |      ✅      |
 |              OPT              |       ❌       |       ❌       |       ✅        |         ✅         |      ✅      |
--- a/docs/source/en/model_doc/oneformer.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/en/model_doc/oneformer.mdx
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<!--Copyright 2022 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+# OneFormer
+
+## Overview
+
+The OneFormer model was proposed in [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) by Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi. OneFormer is a universal image segmentation framework that can be trained on a single panoptic dataset to perform semantic, instance, and panoptic segmentation tasks. OneFormer uses a task token to condition the model on the task in focus, making the architecture task-guided for training, and task-dynamic for inference.
+
+<img width="600" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/oneformer_teaser.png"/>
+
+The abstract from the paper is the following:
+
+*Universal Image Segmentation is not a new concept. Past attempts to unify image segmentation in the last decades include scene parsing, panoptic segmentation, and, more recently, new panoptic architectures. However, such panoptic architectures do not truly unify image segmentation because they need to be trained individually on the semantic, instance, or panoptic segmentation to achieve the best performance. Ideally, a truly universal framework should be trained only once and achieve SOTA performance across all three image segmentation tasks. To that end, we propose OneFormer, a universal image segmentation framework that unifies segmentation with a multi-task train-once design. We first propose a task-conditioned joint training strategy that enables training on ground truths of each domain (semantic, instance, and panoptic segmentation) within a single multi-task training process. Secondly, we introduce a task token to condition our model on the task at hand, making our model task-dynamic to support multi-task training and inference. Thirdly, we propose using a query-text contrastive loss during training to establish better inter-task and inter-class distinctions. Notably, our single OneFormer model outperforms specialized Mask2Former models across all three segmentation tasks on ADE20k, CityScapes, and COCO, despite the latter being trained on each of the three tasks individually with three times the resources. With new ConvNeXt and DiNAT backbones, we observe even more performance improvement. We believe OneFormer is a significant step towards making image segmentation more universal and accessible.*
+
+Tips:
+-  OneFormer requires two inputs during inference: *image* and *task token*. 
+- During training, OneFormer only uses panoptic annotations.
+- If you want to train the model in a distributed environment across multiple nodes, then one should update the
+  `get_num_masks` function inside in the `OneFormerLoss` class of `modeling_oneformer.py`. When training on multiple nodes, this should be
+  set to the average number of target masks across all nodes, as can be seen in the original implementation [here](https://github.com/SHI-Labs/OneFormer/blob/33ebb56ed34f970a30ae103e786c0cb64c653d9a/oneformer/modeling/criterion.py#L287).
+- One can use [`OneFormerProcessor`] to prepare input images and task inputs for the model and optional targets for the model. [`OneformerProcessor`] wraps [`OneFormerImageProcessor`] and [`CLIPTokenizer`] into a single instance to both prepare the images and encode the task inputs.
+- To get the final segmentation, depending on the task, you can call [`~OneFormerProcessor.post_process_semantic_segmentation`] or [`~OneFormerImageProcessor.post_process_instance_segmentation`] or [`~OneFormerImageProcessor.post_process_panoptic_segmentation`]. All three tasks can be solved using [`OneFormerForUniversalSegmentation`] output, panoptic segmentation accepts an optional `label_ids_to_fuse` argument to fuse instances of the target object/s (e.g. sky) together.
+
+The figure below illustrates the architecture of OneFormer. Taken from the [original paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220).
+
+<img width="600" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/oneformer_architecture.png"/>
+
+This model was contributed by [Jitesh Jain](https://huggingface.co/praeclarumjj3). The original code can be found [here](https://github.com/SHI-Labs/OneFormer).
+
+## OneFormer specific outputs
+
+[[autodoc]] models.oneformer.modeling_oneformer.OneFormerModelOutput
+
+[[autodoc]] models.oneformer.modeling_oneformer.OneFormerForUniversalSegmentationOutput
+
+## OneFormerConfig
+
+[[autodoc]] OneFormerConfig
+
+## OneFormerImageProcessor
+
+[[autodoc]] OneFormerImageProcessor
+    - preprocess
+    - encode_inputs
+    - post_process_semantic_segmentation
+    - post_process_instance_segmentation
+    - post_process_panoptic_segmentation
+
+## OneFormerProcessor
+
+[[autodoc]] OneFormerProcessor
+
+## OneFormerModel
+
+[[autodoc]] OneFormerModel
+    - forward
+
+## OneFormerForUniversalSegmentation
+
+[[autodoc]] OneFormerForUniversalSegmentation
+    - forward
+    
--- a/docs/source/es/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/es/index.mdx
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ La biblioteca actualmente contiene implementaciones de JAX, PyTorch y TensorFlow
 1. **[MPNet](model_doc/mpnet)** (de Microsoft Research) publicado con el paper [MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) por Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, Tie-Yan Liu.
 1. **[MT5](model_doc/mt5)** (de Google AI) publicado con el paper [mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11934) por Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, Colin Raffel.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (de la Universidad de Wisconsin - Madison) publicado con el paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) por Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (de la SHI Labs) publicado con el paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) por Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (de Google) publicado con el paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) por Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh y Peter J. Liu.
 1. **[Perceiver IO](model_doc/perceiver)** (de Deepmind) publicado con el paper [Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.14795) por Andrew Jaegle, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Carl Doersch, Catalin Ionescu, David Ding, Skanda Koppula, Daniel Zoran, Andrew Brock, Evan Shelhamer, Olivier Hénaff, Matthew M. Botvinick, Andrew Zisserman, Oriol Vinyals, João Carreira.
 1. **[PhoBERT](model_doc/phobert)** (de VinAI Research) publicado con el paper [PhoBERT: Pre-trained language models for Vietnamese](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.findings-emnlp.92/) por Dat Quoc Nguyen y Anh Tuan Nguyen.
--- a/docs/source/it/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/it/index.mdx
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ La libreria attualmente contiene implementazioni in JAX, PyTorch e TensorFlow, p
 1. **[MPNet](model_doc/mpnet)** (da Microsoft Research) rilasciato con il paper [MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) da Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, Tie-Yan Liu.
 1. **[MT5](model_doc/mt5)** (da Google AI) rilasciato con il paper [mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11934) da Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, Colin Raffel.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (dalla Università del Wisconsin - Madison) rilasciato con il paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) da Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (da SHI Labs) rilasciato con il paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) da Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[OPT](master/model_doc/opt)** (da Meta AI) rilasciato con il paper [OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01068) da Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen et al.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (da Google) rilasciato con il paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) da Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh e Peter J. Liu.
 1. **[Perceiver IO](model_doc/perceiver)** (da Deepmind) rilasciato con il paper [Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.14795) da Andrew Jaegle, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Carl Doersch, Catalin Ionescu, David Ding, Skanda Koppula, Daniel Zoran, Andrew Brock, Evan Shelhamer, Olivier Hénaff, Matthew M. Botvinick, Andrew Zisserman, Oriol Vinyals, João Carreira.
--- a/docs/source/ko/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/ko/index.mdx
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 1. **[Nezha](model_doc/nezha)** (from Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab) released with the paper [NEZHA: Neural Contextualized Representation for Chinese Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00204) by Junqiu Wei, Xiaozhe Ren, Xiaoguang Li, Wenyong Huang, Yi Liao, Yasheng Wang, Jiashu Lin, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen and Qun Liu.
 1. **[NLLB](model_doc/nllb)** (from Meta) released with the paper [No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04672) by the NLLB team.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (from the University of Wisconsin - Madison) released with the paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) by Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (from SHI Labs) released with the paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) by Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[OPT](master/model_doc/opt)** (from Meta AI) released with the paper [OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01068) by Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen et al.
 1. **[OWL-ViT](model_doc/owlvit)** (from Google AI) released with the paper [Simple Open-Vocabulary Object Detection with Vision Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.06230) by Matthias Minderer, Alexey Gritsenko, Austin Stone, Maxim Neumann, Dirk Weissenborn, Alexey Dosovitskiy, Aravindh Mahendran, Anurag Arnab, Mostafa Dehghani, Zhuoran Shen, Xiao Wang, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Kipf, and Neil Houlsby.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (from Google) released with the paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu.
--- a/docs/source/pt/index.mdx
+++ b/docs/source/pt/index.mdx
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ Atualmente a biblioteca contém implementações do PyTorch, TensorFlow e JAX, p
 1. **[MPNet](model_doc/mpnet)** (from Microsoft Research) released with the paper [MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) by Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, Tie-Yan Liu.
 1. **[MT5](model_doc/mt5)** (from Google AI) released with the paper [mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11934) by Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, Colin Raffel.
 1. **[Nyströmformer](model_doc/nystromformer)** (from the University of Wisconsin - Madison) released with the paper [Nyströmformer: A Nyström-Based Algorithm for Approximating Self-Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03902) by Yunyang Xiong, Zhanpeng Zeng, Rudrasis Chakraborty, Mingxing Tan, Glenn Fung, Yin Li, Vikas Singh.
+1. **[OneFormer](model_doc/oneformer)** (from SHI Labs) released with the paper [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220) by Jitesh Jain, Jiachen Li, MangTik Chiu, Ali Hassani, Nikita Orlov, Humphrey Shi.
 1. **[Pegasus](model_doc/pegasus)** (from Google) released with the paper [PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08777) by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu.
 1. **[Perceiver IO](model_doc/perceiver)** (from Deepmind) released with the paper [Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputs](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.14795) by Andrew Jaegle, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Carl Doersch, Catalin Ionescu, David Ding, Skanda Koppula, Daniel Zoran, Andrew Brock, Evan Shelhamer, Olivier Hénaff, Matthew M. Botvinick, Andrew Zisserman, Oriol Vinyals, João Carreira.
 1. **[PhoBERT](model_doc/phobert)** (from VinAI Research) released with the paper [PhoBERT: Pre-trained language models for Vietnamese](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.findings-emnlp.92/) by Dat Quoc Nguyen and Anh Tuan Nguyen.